Labour Party to socialism Essay Example for Free

Labour Party to socialism EssayExplain the ideas and policies which link the newfangled Labour Party to socialism. (10 marks) Socialism is the economic system based on cooperation rather than competition of businesses which utilizes centralized planning and redistribution of wealth. Industry is state possess and therefore companies have government monopolies on them which results in no competition. Industries are redistributed though the state to achieve a fairer society. Traditional Labour set were indeed a form of socialism as some of their core values include a large wel fartheste state, mild redistribution of wealth through taxes and social mobility. Socialism was founded in 1789 if the modern day Labour party had the same ideologies as those of the original socialist politicians then it would be considered a far right party in todays political spectrum.Since its origins, the principles of socialism have evolved into some(prenominal) different forms of itself to make it compatible with society. There are many links to many differing forms of socialism both traditional and modern in todays Labour party. Democratic socialists i.e. Labour believe in equality of opportunity this means that every wholeness has the same opportunities to maximise their potential and accomplish high positions in life no matter what their background or ethnicity, for example a labourers child can become a lawyer or politician if he/she desires and they will not be discriminated against. This is still one of Labours core values, therefore linking to traditional socialism.Another concept of democratic socialism is the redistribution of wealth an example of New Labour doing that is increasing the meter in social housing estates, or the introduction of the windfall tax which raised ?5billion to set up the New Deal which helps the long term lazy back to work through training and employment, thus giving opportunities to those who previously didnt have the skills to generate t heir own wealth. Traditional socialism wants radical constitutional shed light on e.g. democratise institutions such as the House of Lords. New Labour does want constitutional repair such as the de-centralisation of power and mild House of Lords reform e.g. it is elected not inherited. So therefore shows that Labour does still have socialist values.

Personal Statement for college admission Essay Example for Free

Personal farmingment for college admission EssayEvery man has the capacity to make a variety in this world. The way to do it is by believing that all dreams can turn into reality. It in like manner comes a persistent with the choices that we make and the determination to work out in reaching the top. My name is (insert your name here) and I wish to continue my education in the field of study of Nursing at the Queens University. I have been enkindle in this field and I believe that by acquiring such grad, I can be of great service to people in the society. being admitted in this university exit make my dreams more attainable.I will be studying in a credible institution that recruits only the best and finest student. Moreover, this university is cool of wide array of educational resources and armed with excellent professors that will hone my expertise as a promising professional. After the said program I can go on and continue my life with full confidence because I have t he necessary knowledge that can benefit other people. I will render the best service that I can so that whenever I will get recognize it will also pay trade protection to my Alma Matter. My experiences and academic standings have surpassed those of others.Looking back, I am a Technical Sgt in the USAF Delaware Air National Guard. My 8 years of service on that point granted me the award of being the Airman of the Quarter in 2005. The said award is for my outstanding performance as a Medical Material medical specialist and at the same time doing volunteer works in Operation Enduring Freedom deployment. Aside from the aforementioned recognition I am also proud to say that I made it to deans list each semester because of my exemplary performance and dedication on my attendance at Delaware State University.I am a hardworking person especially when it comes to my personal and academic life. All of my achievements made me decide to attend medical school for cardinal straight years. Wh ile I am studying as a medical student, I came to realize that my true calling is in the field of nursing. I believe that choosing to study at Queens University is one great choice because I can continue and pursue my career goals with an institution that produces nursing experts and professionals. The field of Nursing is the field that I can say as my cup of tea.I am willing to take all the risk because I am confident that I can succeed in reaching my dreams. I have the right mindset and I am determined to surpass every training and lectures that professors at Queen University will give me. I am an optimistic person who treats challenges as opportunities for me to grow. The rigorous training that I will go through will aloe me to learn more about myself, the nursing profession and how to be more disciplined in the field that I have divulged in. spirit is really precious and we have to live on purpose. I realized that everyday spent is important may it be personally or academically .I should learn to give ways to others and render the best nursing service right later graduation. My quest for education will not stop after I graduated, I will find ways of sharing what I have learned to others and pass for the benefit of healthcare in the society. By doing so, I would be able to show the world that nothing is impossible when a person puts dedication, heart and soul in everything we do. Pursuing a Nursing degree will help me build up an in-depth knowledge in most areas of medical healthcare and gain broader perspectives.I am confident that my academic trip at Queens University will prepare me for my future profession. I will learn fundamentals of nursing and more complicated subjects about it. I will also learn how to work more efficiently, overcome struggles and bring the best service to my patients. I believe that I can do everything as long as the determination is here in my heart. I am persistent enough that through my chosen field and academe, I can succee d and contribute in making this world a better place to live in.

Water Content Or Moisture Content Environmental Sciences Essay

weewee Content Or moisture Content environmental Sciences EssayWater mental abilityorwet contentis the measuring stick of wetcontained in a material, such as nastiness(called priming wet),rock,ceramics, fruit, orwood. Water content is use in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which stack range from 0 (completely wry) to the value of the materialsporosityat saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or view (gravimetric) basis.The water content of a material is utilize in expressing the phase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given volume of material.In fine-grained (cohesive) lubricating oils, the consistency of a given landed estate type depends on its water content. The water content of a imperfection, on with its lucid and p drive inic saltations as determined by Test MethodD4318, is employ to express its relative consistency or liquidity index.The quality of the extend produced by this touchst mavin is depe ndent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities utilise. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740are generally considered capable of competent and object glass examing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740does non in itself ensure reliable allow fors.The mass of water used in the above expression is the mass of free pore water only. Hence for moisture content role the land ideals are dried to the temperature at which only pore water is evaporated. This temperature was standardized 105 C to 110 C. Soils having gypsum are dried at 60C to 80 C.The quantity of dirty word sample demand for the determination of moisture content depends on the gradation and the maximum size of particles. Following quantities are recommended.Soil Max quantity used (gm)Coarse stupefy 1000 to 2000Fine gravel 300 to 500Coarse sand 200Medium sand 50Fine sand 25 back up and cla ys 10 to 25Moisture content nub Always the fare of moisture contents affects the soil strongly by unalike issues , and this is the dramatically classifications of the antithetic summations of the moisture content in the soil The soil is called ( brittle solid ) when its in a dry state or pass a genuinely little come up of moisture content inside the soil , and it leave be hard and brittle as a result of that , though it give outs before it will deform ( hard candy ).The soil is described as ( semi-solid ) when its have a little standard of moisture content in it , thats not able to cancel the solidity in the soil because of the little center of it in the soil , and the behavior of the soil will be surrounded by the brittle and ductile state , and though it deforms permanently but with cracks ( like stiff cheese ).The soil described overly as ( tractile ) when it have a noticed get along of moisture content which have an appearance affect in the soil , when the amoun t of the water content is nor little incomplete much in the soil , and the behavior of the soil in the state will noticed directly while catching the samlple of the soil by hatful , it will have a precise(prenominal) ductile , malleable behavior , thats will deform without cracking ( like play-doh ).The soil in the last case , is the ( liquid ) soil which will have for sure a big amount of moisture content inside it , it we can notice that comfortably by slight moving or even by the naked eye , which will be like a thick or decoct viscous fluid or like a soup.Actually always there is a limits between each state of the moisture content for the soil , and these limits called the consistency or atterberg limits of the soil , and to talk much briefly about the ( Atterberg Limits ) TheAtterberg limitsare a basic measure of the re giveation of a fine-grainedsoil. Depending on thewater contentof the soil, it may appear in four states solid, semi-solid, flexible and liquid. In eac h state the consistency and behavior of a soil is diverse and thus so are its applied science properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined bunsd on a neuter in the soils behavior. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish betweensiltandclay, and it can distinguish between different types of silts and clays. These limits were created byAlbert Atterberg, aSwedishchemist.1They were later minute byArthur Casagrande. These distinctions in soil are used in picking the soils to build mental synthesiss on top. Soils when wet retain water and expand in volume. The amount of expansion is related to the ability of the soil to take in water and its structuralmake up(the type of atoms present). These tests are mainly used on clayey or silty soils since these are the soils that expand and shrink due to moisture content. Clays and silts react with the water and thus change sizes and have varying dress strengths. Thus these tests are used widely in the preliminary s tages of building any structure to ensure that the soil will have the correct amount ofshear strengthand not too much change in volume as it expands and shrinks with different moisture contents, aand here is the informations about the three atterberg limits , shoplifting , plastic and liquid limit Shrinkage limitThe shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not result in any more volume reduction.2The test to determine the shrinkage limit isASTM InternationalD4943. The shrinkage limit is much less commonly used than the liquid and plastic limits.editPlastic limitThe plastic limit is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine division of a soil on a flat, non-porous surface. The mathematical function is defined in ASTM Standard D 4318.If the soil is plastic, this thread will retain its shape down to a very narrow diameter. The sample can then be remoulded and the test repeated.As the moisture content falls due to evaporation, the thread will begin to break apart at larger diameters. The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content where the thread breaks apart at a diameter of 3 mm (about 1/8).A soil is considered non-plastic if a thread cannot be rolled out down to 3mm at any moisture.editLiquid limitThe liquid limit (LL) is the water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid behavior. The original liquid limit test of Atterbergs involved mixing a regorge of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10-12cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then enamored many times against the palm of one hand.Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal form portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool of 13.5 millimetres (0.53in) width. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10mm onto a hard rubber base at a rate of 120 blows per minute, du ring which the groove airlesss up gradually as a result of the impact. The number of blows for the groove to close is recorded. The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close over a distance of 13.5 millimetres (0.53in) is defined as the liquid limit. The test is normally survive at several moisture contents, and the moisture content which requires 25 blows to close the groove is interpolated from the test results. The Liquid Limit test is defined by ASTM standard test method acting D 4318.3The test method also allows running the test at one moisture content where 20 to 30 blows are required to close the groove then a correction factor is applied to obtain the liquid limit from the moisture content..4The following is when you should record the N in number of blows needed to close this 1/2-inch gapThe materials needed to do a Liquid limit test are as followsCasagrande cup (liquid limit device)Grooving toolSoil pat before testSoil pat after t estAnother method for measuring the liquid limit is thefall cone test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, thefall cone testis much more prevalent in Europe due to being less dependant on the operator in find out the Liquid Limit.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Atterberg_limits_02.JPG/220px-Atterberg_limits_02.JPG http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Casagrande_2.JPG/220px-Casagrande_2.JPGeditImportance of Liquid Limit testThe importance of the liquid limit test is to classify soils. Different soils have varying liquid limits. Also to find the plasticity index of a soil you need to subsist the liquid limit and the plastic limit.editDerived limitsThe values of these limits are used in a number of ways. There is also a close relationship between the limits and properties of a soil such as compressibility, permea bility, and strength. This is thought to be very useful because as limit determination is relatively simple, it is more difficult to determine these other properties. Thus the Atterberg limits are not only used to identify the soils classification, but it allows for the use of empirical correlations for some other engineering properties.editPlasticity indexThe plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a postgraduate PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.PI and their meanings0 Nonplastic(1-5)- or so plastic(5-10) Low plasticity(10-20)- Medium plasticity(20-40)- High plasticity40 Very high plasticityeditLiquidity indexThe liquidity index (LI) is used for marki ng the inseparable water content of a soil sample to the limits. It can be calculate as a ratio of difference between natural water content, plastic limit, and liquid limit LI=(W-PL)/(LL-PL) where W is the natural water content. The effects of the water content on the strength of saturated remolded soils can be quantified by the use of the liquidity index, LIWhen the LI is 1, remolded soil is at the liquid limit and it has an undrained shear strength of about 2 kPa. When the soil is at the plastic limit, the LI is 0 and the undrained shear strength is about 200 kPa.411editActivityThe activity (A) of a soil is the PI dual-lane by the percent of clay-sized particles (less than 2 m) present. Different types of clays have different specific surface areas which controls how much wetting is required to move a soil from one phase to another such as across the liquid limit or the plastic limit. From the activity, one can predict the dominant clay type present in a soil sample. High activi ty signifies large volume change when wetted and large shrinkage when dried. Soils with high activity are very reactive chemically. Normally the activity of clay is between 0.75 and 1.25, and in this range clay is called normal. It is assumed that the plasticity index is approximately equal to the clay subdivision (A = 1). When A is less than 0.75, it is considered inactive. When it is great than 1.25, it is considered active.After briefly explaining the the differences between the amounts of moisture content in the soil , we should explain a vey authoritative issue , which is the methods of affection of the moisture content in the soil which is Strength decreases as water content increases. Soils swell-up when water content increases. Fine-grained soils at very high water content possess properties similar to liquids. As the water content is reduced, the volume of the soil decreases and the soils become plastic. If the water content is further reduced, the soil becomes semi-solid when the volume does not change.And to talk more about the affection of the moisture aontent in the soil , this is a general affection of the moisture content in the soil at nature The effect of increasing soilmoisture contenton soil temperature, soil reflectance and soil heat storage is studied in this work. The results show that an increase inmoisture contentdecreases the soil temperature differences between day-time and night-time, which provides protection to the plant root system against sharp and sudden changes of soil temperature. It is also found that the solar energy absorption increases as themoisture contentincreases, which results in a high heat storage capacity at highermoisture content. Finally, plant growth rate and yield increased due to the modification of plant climate at higher moisture contentWater content is an important property of soils, inuencing soil solution chemistry and nutrient uptake by plants.Morphology and other specic properties of the root, nutrie nt concentration in the soil solution, the mobility of nutrients in the soil, and supply from solid phases, aect nutrient uptake (Nye and Tinker, 1977 Barber, 1995). Consequently, there are consistent dierences in concen- trations of elements tight the rhizoplane at a range of soil water contents (Dunham and Nye, 1976). Soil chemical properties may exert a profound inuence on growth and performance of plants (Grime and Curtis, 1976), and soil concentrations of several elements may be closely related to oristic composition (Tyler, 1996a). Under eld conditions, soil moisture uctuates with temperature and rainfall. By changing soil solution chemistry, moisture uctuations could regulate the availability of nutrients, and the eld distribution of plant species.Water has a very different thermic conductivity than just about soil particles and air (the thermal properties of the soil are determined by these three). The thermal conductivity of water is much greater than that of air, so the higher the soil moisture content the greater the thermal conductivity.The greater the soil moisture content, the more the soil thermal conductivity is like that of water. Therefore, a saturated soil has a conductivity near that of water.However, just because the soil moisture content is high, doesnt mean that the soil will warm up faster in the Sun than a dry soil. vapour of the water will remove much of the Suns energy before the soil will have a chance to warm.Therefore, dry soils do warm up faster from sunlight and cool faster at night. This is assuming that there isnt a vegetation cover over the soil. Most wet soils evaporate the water, memory the soil from warming as fast during the day, and cool more slowly at night because of their greater heat capacity (because of the higher water content).Moisture content phase diagrame this is a rough photo about the general form of the phase diagram of the soil , that we use always for calculation through for moisture contents and all other issues in the soil http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Soil-phase-diagram.svg/300px-Soil-phase-diagram.svg.png cant over Components Weight of Solids = Ws Weight of Water = Ww Weight of Air 0Volume Components Volume of Solids = Vs Volume of Water = Vw Volume of Air = Va Volume of Voids = Va + Vw = VvWeight-Volume Relationships Steps to develop the tip-volumerelationship Separate the three phases The innate volume of a soil Assuming the weight of air (Wa) to benegligible, the total weight is then given asV = Vs + Vv = Vs + Vw + VaW =Ws +WwObjectives working ApplicationsThis is some properties that we could conclude the state of it in the soil from knowing the amount of moisture content in the soil Storability of the soil Agglomeration in the case of powders Microbiolgical constancy Flow properties, viscosity Dry substance content Concentration or purity Commercial grade (compliance with quality agreements) Nutritional value of the product well-ground ed conformity (statutory regulations governing nutrient)Objectives To learn the procedures of finding moisture content in the soil , and the variety in methods using to determine the moisture content.To determine the quantity of moisture content in the soil by good , accurate , safe , sheep way.To learn the differences in affection on the soil due to different amounts of moisture content in the soilTo know the performance of the soil due to different amounts of moisture contents.To know how to use geotechnical laboratory tools, Such as the oven , balance , soil containers and all other different toolsTo know the importance of this try in the field work and how it affects the type and method of foundations must tell upon different types of structures.Practical Applications Moisture content plays an important role in understanding the behavior of finegrained soils. It is the moisture content which changes the soils from liquid state to plastic and solidstates. Its value controls th e shear strength and compressibility of soils. Compaction of soils in thefield is also controlled by the quantity of water present. Densities of soils are directly influenced byits value and are used in calculating the Stability of slopes, bearing capacity of soils-foundationsystem, earth pressure behind the retaining walls and pressure due to overburden.The knowledge of determining the moisture content is helpful in many of the laboratory testssuch as Atterbergs limits, shears strength compaction and consolidation.This experiment may be performed by two different methods. Geotechnical Engineering- IA. Oven drying methodB. Torsion balance moisture contentActully we use the moisture content experiment mainly for acquiring the amount of water content inside the soil to be able to make the classification needs in the field for this soil ,and though to know how could we use this soil and where it could work and the amount of compaction needs of the soil containing a different amounts of water contents , to get the last conclusion from this important experiment , which is that the moisture content determination in the in situ in all field project is from the most important things that getting me ready to know the method of foundation thats need above this soil to build on it at the end , stable , strong and good structure on it .In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and free water the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material. The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of free and bound water, thewater activityof a material should be considered.Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as water of crystallization, or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure.In conclusion , Knowing the amount of moisture content of a substance helps determining if the soil is suitable for a specific use. Such like-To know if the soil can restrict structure safely for long time safely and serviceability or not.To be able and ready for the design of the foundation of any type of the structures. ascertain and controlling the moisture in substances is unique and necessary for many products, and the process b narrates between art and science , in many and variable sides of the life and natureknowing how the Soil water regulates soil temperature by different amounts and shape of moisture content.Soil water serves as a solvent and carrier of food nutrients for plant growth.Tools , equipments and specimensEquipments that we have use in the laboratory for the moisture content determination experiment Soil container Its a container which is ceramic containers of various shapes on light wood background Stock Photo 8282849used to put different types of soil insideit or a combined types with others in the selfsame(prenominal) container , and we have used it inthis experiment to put a random type offine-grained soil inside it and mix it withto determine the wight of it , and actuallySoil container there are many sizes of the soil containerupon to the quantity of soil need to putit in the container.IMG_0212.JPGSpatulaSpatula it is an aluminum thin tool use to put soil by it in the soil container and for mixing the soil and water with each other in the soil container and also its used for transfering soil from container and put it into heat resistance pot which is made of steel.IMG_0209.JPGSteel ContainerSteel Container it is a container made of steel that have a heat resistance quality , which used to put the moist (wet) sample of soil inside it , to put the moist sample then inside the oven to dry the sample of the soil.Digital Balance is the actor use to weigh the different things , that not have an enormous weights , and it used in this experiment to weigh t he soil container alone once , and to weight the soil container with soil inside it then.Digital Balancehttp//www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/167132/Vacuum_Drying_Oven.jpgOven DryOven Dry it is an apparatus used to heat the specimens needs to heat in the laboratories , and it was used in this experiment to dry the moist sample of soil.moist soil sample the wet soil Dry soil sample the dry soilsample before position in the oven sample after putting in the ovenIMG_0209.JPGIMG_0211.JPGMoist Soil SampleDry soil sampleBackgroundBased on the lit review, the feasibility of using microwave oven to determinemoisture content of soils is well demonstrated. In addition to the GS, there is an availableinternational standard test method (ASTM D4643) for such determination. This methodincludes requirements to control the power ratings of microwave ovens and the period ofdrying procedure. Therefore, the possibility of overheating of a soil sample can be greatlyreduced. In addition, the soil sample is required to be carefully mixed after each time ofovens heating for a certain period in order to prevent non-uniform heating of the sample.And in this experiment we going to compute the moisture content using this test method method be determine the weight of the soil before and after the dry process by the laboratory oven dry ,and then compute by a dramatically series of calculations the amount of moisture content in that sample of soil given in the laboratory.ProceduresAccording to ASTM 2216, the dry and clean container should be weighted using balance and its mass recorded.A representative sample should be selected .The moist representative sample should be placed in the container.The lid should be secured in its position.The mass of the container with the sample should be taken and recorded.The lid should be distant and specimen should be placed in the oven.The sample should be dried in the oven at.The container should be removed from the oven when the sample reach a c onstant weight which means all the water has been evaporated.The specimen should be weighted and recorded.The moisture content then calculated by a series of calculations , and below in the next paragraph , all of the info and calculations is explained preefly by a list of numbers.Work Sheetdecision OF WATER (MOISTURE) CONTENTLab. Humidity 57% Lab. Temperature 20.5 0CMoist Fine Grained Sample Of SoilTesting Stander ASTM D2216-92Moisture Condition Moisture AddedType Of Oven Convection OvenMethod Of Drying round-the-clock Heating circle Of Moist Sample = 20 gSoil Passing 4.75 mm. (No.4) Sieve = 100%Soil Passing 37.5 mm. Sieve =100%B36OBSERVATIONSSample No.Container No.9.5gwad Of Container29.5g mass Of Wet Soil + Container28.0gMass Of Dry Soil + ContainerCALCULATIONS1.5gMass Of Water18.5gMass Of Dry Soil8.1%%Water ContentFormulas CalculationFormulas1) Mass of water = (Mass of wet soil + container ) (Mass of dry soil + container)Mw = Mcws Mcs2) Mass of dry soil = (Mass of dr y soil + container ) (Mass of container )Ms = Mcs Mc3) water content = (Mass of water)/(Mass of dry soil) *100w = Mw / Ms *100Calculation1) Mass of water = 29.5 28.0= 1.5 (g)2) Mass of soil = 28.0 9.5= 18.5 (g)3) Water content = 1.5/18.5 * 100= 8.1%DiscussionThemeasurementofmoisturecontent is a lab or aprocedureusedto measuretheamount ofmoistureor water that is embedded in a certain content in the soil , actually , the think purpose for this lab orprocedureonce again as stated before isto measurethe amount ofmoisturein a content. timesin constructionwe often need soil that must be suitable for building. In some casesthe soilthere and depending on where the land is located,the soilmay not attachfoundation ofa building well.In order for us to find out ifthe soilis durable plenteous to hold thefoundation ofa building we might haveto measurethemoistureof the content. When the percent of water is found we can than choose ofthe soilis suitable enough for thefoundation ofthe buildi ng. actully the most important thing we have concluded from the experiment of determining the moisture content in the soil , is to know how much amount of compaction needs for this soil under the foundation to held the structure safely. Actully all foundations (including abutment) surfaces shall be shaped one horizontal to one vertical or fondle except as otherwise specified.And after stripping (due to stripping specification), the foundation shall be loosened thoroughly by scarifying or plowing to a borderline depth of six inches. The foundation shall then be compacted to the density and moisture requirements specified for the fill Areas that are too low after stripping and mold must be filled to base grade with compacted fill equal to that used in other parts of the project, and eventhough the moisture content determination is from the most important tests that is from the basics we need in the Geo-technichal engineering, and later on in the foundation design.ConclusionThe resu lt of water content we get in the experiment after quit dry of the sample in the oven dry was 8.1% which is not acceptable to be able for building over it. Its quite high for fine grain. This means its not safe to build a structure, because the maximum allowable water content for grain is 1 %. Also this experiment is very important in Civil Engineering. Before construction its very obligatory to know the water content of the soil. If the water content is very high and construction is done, that might cause damage to structure which will appear later. Actully , for each type of soil has its own capacity to keep the structure safe. For example, If the sample is coarse the maximum allowable water content is 6%. While for fine its 1% , so the last result we get from the determination of the moisture contents in this soil is that , with this high amount of moisture content we can not use this soid for the construction purposes , and if we try to do , it will cause a big proplems and dama ge in the building later in the future and will neve ever by safety to use it in the civil society.Type of errorsPersonal errors-Personal errors such as mistakes in reading from the balance , or mistakes done by wrong transferring data to the data sheet ,also the delaying of time taking out sample from oven it can cause error.Instrumental errors-Errors might occur in digital balance due to the amount of accuracy of the digital balance. The reading also will change because of air condition. To eliminate such type of errors the reading should be taken several times.Environmental errors-Moisture in lab and air of air condition can cause errors in readings , and though will not give us the authoritative amount of moisture content , and the temperature in the laboratory affecting the sample of soil and instruments in the lab , all of these invironmental factors could give us wrong readings in the esperiment.

Treatment and Quality of Life of Heart Failure Patients

Treatment and Quality of Life of Heart Failure PatientsCompliance to give-and-take and character reference of flavour of Sudanese patients with internality failureMugahed AL-khadhera,*,Imad Fadl-Elmulab ,Waled Amen Mohammed AhmedcAbstractBackground Heart failure is known to decrease the quality of life, especially in non- entry patients with regards to medications and life style changes. target The present field aimed to determine the take aim of conformation to treatment and quality of life of Sudanese patients with heart failure.Methods This descriptive exact was conducted on 76 patients with heart failure admitted to the Sudan Heart Institute. Demographic and clinical data including the compliance (medication, sodium restriction, politic restriction, daily weights, coiffures, and appointment-keeping) were collected. The quality of life was measured using the Minnesota living with heart failure Questionnaire. The data were collected from all patients and the analyzed usi ng SPSS version 22 software.Results Heart failure patients showed low compliance ranged mingled with 11.84% and 75% of which the highest compliance was to medication (75%) followed by the follow-up appointments (71.05%), and the lowest compliances were to the fluids restrictions (11.84%), the weight monitoring (17.10%), regular exercise (21.05%), and the sodium restriction (27.6%). Quality of life mark off ranged between 62-97 score and the Mean (SD) 83.6 (7.82) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present workplace.Conclusion The study showed that patients with heart failure in Sudan have low compliance to treatment and poor quality of life.Key wordsHeart Failure, Treatment Compliance, Quality of life, Sudan ledger entryHeart failure incidence increases with age, increase from approximately 20 per 1000 individuals with age 65 to 69-year-old to more than 80 per 1000 individuals aging 85-year-old (1). In occurrence few epidemiological data on heart failure in Sudan exists and the recognition of the disease as a major(ip) health issue rest questionable, the prevalent of heart failure accounts for 2.5% of the population, and hence it is one of the major causes of hospital mortality (2).The WHO defined adherence as extent a persons behavior taking drugs, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle modifications, follow the agreed recommendations from a health care providers (3). Poor compliance noncompliance usually refers to patients failure to follow health interventions as recommended by the health care provider, but it can also refer to the providers failure to act match to practice guidelines or standards of care(4). The factors affecting the compliance could be divided into patient-related factors, regimen-related factors, and health care providers-related factors (5).Non-compliance to medications and diet contributes in many cases to worsening heart failure symptoms. The compliance to prescribe medications or other caregivers recommendations such as lifestyle changes is a widely acknowledged problem leading to hospitalization ((6-8). The non-compliance of HF patients is a major problem and remains to be a continuous source of concern for patients. It is mainly for diet and fluid, daily weight and exercises (9).Quality of life (QOL) is defined as the individuals unique cognition and a way to express feelings about his/her health status(10).Moreover, QOL is a good predictor of mortality and the need for hospitalization (11-13). Patients in class II and III heart failure of New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification cannot normally do their daily activities (9).Although, several studies on compliance of HF patients and their quality of life have been performed worldwide, to our knowledge this is the first ever study conducted in Sudanese HF patients, aimed to assess the compliance to treatment and quality of life in Sudanese patients with heart failure.Materi als and MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted on 76 patients with heart failure admitted to the Sudan Heart Institute. A total of 76 Sudanese HF patients were randomly selected from Sudan Heart Institute in Khartoum, January-March 2014. The patients enrolld were above 20 years, confirmed diagnosed as heart failure by the cardiologist at least a month, already start HF treatment, in class II or III heart failure of NYHA, and with ability to communicate.The questionnaire consists of 36 questions of which 10 for demographic and clinical data, 5 questions for compliance, and 21 questions for quality of life. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records and/or by interviews. The demographic data include age, gender, educational level, and marital status, whereas clinical variables include left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), forward hospitalization in the past three months, and era of HF.revise HF Compliance Questionnaire was used (14), on a five-point s cale (1=never 2= seldom 3= half of the time 4 =mostly 5=always) (15). the participants compliance to medications, diet, fluid restriction, exercise, weight, and appointment keeping was evaluated by asking patients to rate their compliance of the last week (drugs, diet modifications, fluid restriction, and exercises), the last month (daily weighing), and the last 3 months (appointment keeping) before hospitalization. The patients were divided into two groups either compliant or noncompliant (16-19). Patients were considered general compliant the compliance with foursome or more of the six recommendations.(20) (Table 2).The quality of life data were collected and measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire after translated to Arabic language (9). This instrument used most widely to evaluate quality of life in research studies (21-24) .Which Contains 21 questions and overall score of 105 (521) with feasible answers ranging from 0 (no) to 5 (very much), (0= n o 1= Very Little 2= little 3= moderate 4= much 5= very much). The concluding score is the sum points obtained for the 21 questions it can therefore vary between 0 and 105. It evaluates how heart failure affects patients physical (8 questions), emotional (5 questions), and socioeconomic (8 questions) dimensions (25). The sum of responses reflects the overall effects of heart failure and treatments on individuals quality of life (9).Data was presented using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean with standard deviation (SD) and P-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant for relationship investigations. Ethical approval was obtained from Al Neelain Ethical committee at Al Neelain University. All patients signed an informed consent before participate in the study.ResultsThe study showed that out the 76 patients, 63.2% were male and 36.8% were female person the mean age was 61.4 13.5 years. The education levels were 34.2% of patients were illiterate, 32.9% had completed primary school, 19.7% secondary school, and 13.2% had university graduation (Table 1).Although the vast bulk of the patients were chronic patients with diagnosis for more than 5 years, the participant ask to define what is the heart failure? Only 24% had basic conscious about their disease, the be 76% of patients had no idea what the heart failure is. Overall compliance among the patients was 28.95%, whereas 71.5% of the patients were classified as non-compliant. Of those compliance with medication was 75% and 70% compliance with appointment-keeping. In general most patients showed low compliance with diet restriction (27%), exercise (21%), weighing (17%), and fluid restriction (11%) (Table2).The quality of life data showed that poor quality of life, the score ranged from 62-97 score /105, and the Mean (SD) quality of life was 3.2 (1.3) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present study .There is statistically significant in compliance and quality of life (p value= 0.002) in compression with patients who is noncompliant. Also statistically significant with better NYHA classification, LVEF and quality of life (pTable 3).(Table.1) Demographic and clinical variables of the study population (n=76) in Sudan.(Table.2) Compliance (Medications, diet, Fluid restriction, Exercise, weight, and appointments keeping) in Sudan.(Table.3) Quality of life of heart failure patients in Sudan (N=76)DiscussionThe patients compliance in this study ranged between 11.84% and 75% of the patients. Although the differences in measurement instruments and differences in interventions, the result of the this study showed low compliance compared with other previous studies including knowledge of the patients about their illness, the hazard of high salt consumption, and the daily weighing.Study done by Baghianimoghadam MH, et al, reported that the disease knowledge in Iranian patients reached 38% (26), whe reas our result showed that 76% of HF Sudanese Patients lack essential knowledge of their disease or what the heart failure is. According to definition of overall compliance (16).The overall patients compliance of the present study was 28% compared with the study conducted by van der wal in which the overall compliance reached 72% of patients with HF(16). In the same study compliance with medication (98.6%), appointment keeping, salt restriction (79%), fluid restriction (73%), exercise (39%), and weighing (35%) where all higher compared with the results of the present study(16). Also the compliance level of present study is lower than Evangelista study which found higher levels of compliance more than 90% for (follow-up appointments, medications, smoking, and alcohol cessation), low compliance dietary 71% and exercise recommendations 53% (17). Medication compliance in the present study result is similar to the study done by kamlovi yayhd which found 74.7% that compliance to medicati on (27). This may be a reflection of lack of knowledge and training programs offered to HF patients in Sudan.The Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLWHFQ) showed that poor quality of life, the score ranged between 62-97 score /105, and the Mean (SD) quality of life was 83.6 (7.82) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present study .It was also found that no correlation between age and quality of life (p value =0.925) ,this similar to study done by Kato N,et al (28), some studies found association between age and quality of life (29). We did not observe sex differences in quality of life ( p value =0.99 ), which similar to study done by Heo S, et al 2007 (29). But other studies have reported quality of life worse in female (3031).Also we found marital status had no influence on QOL in our subjects (p value =0.34) , it is lower to study done by Luttik ML, which found differences in QoL between married p atients and those living alone were most pronounced with regard to future expectations of QoL (6.5 vs 5.0, P=.00 (32).Our study shows there is statistically significant in duration of disease with QOL (p value =0.004), Also statistically significant with improved NYHA classification, LVEF and Quality of life (pIn this study, the researcher found that total compliance was poor for HF Sudanese patients, compliance for drugs and appointments keeping were high but still in an unacceptable level. Compliance with diet, fluid restriction, activity and daily weighing was low. Also the study revealed that non-compliance negatively affects the quality of life of Sudanese HF patients. Based on result of present study, education and counseling are extremely needed to change magnitude patients-knowledge about their disease, leading to more compliance and improvement of their quality of life.

The Invasion Of Kuwait By Iraq Politics Essay

The Invasion Of capital of Kuwait By Iraq Politics EssayThere are many a(prenominal) reasons behind Iraki impingement of Kuwait. Some of the nearly basic causes thought to be behind this invasion is Iraq had always considered Kuwait as a natural part of Iraq which was carved out of it due to British imperialism. After signing theAnglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, theUnited Kingdomsplit Kuwait from the Ottoman territories into a separatesheikhdom. Iraqi establishment also argued that the Kuwaiti ameer was very unpopular among the people of Kuwait. Hence they claimed themselves to be the liberators of the Kuwaiti people, providing them with greater economic and political freedom by overthrowing the Emir.After the Iran-Iraq War, the economy of Iraqwas struggling to recover. well-be gather ind and military debt of Iraq had crossed its state budget. Most of its ports had been destroyed in the struggle, petroleum fields had already beenmined, and traditional oil customers had been l ost. In spite of having a wide land area of just 1/25th of Iraq, Kuwaits coastline was twice as long as Iraqs and its ports were some of the busiest in the Persian Gulf region. The Iraqi government concluded that by seizing Kuwait, it would be able to solve most of its financial problems of Iraq consolidate its regional authority. Also, it is thought that with Saddam Husseins attempted invasion of Iran defeated, he sought easier conquests against his weak southern neighbors. Kuwait because of its relatively small size was seen as an easy target by the Iraqi government.Kuwait had heavily funded the 8-year-longIraqi-Iran war. By the time the war had discontinueed, Iraq was not in a financial position to repay the $14 billion it had borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war.Iraqs point of view that the war had prevented the rise ofIranianinfluence in theArab World did not go down well with the Kuwait regime. Therefore Kuwait was reluctant to pardon the debt. It created strains in the r elationship between the two Arab countries. During late 1989, several official meetings were held between the Kuwaiti and Iraqi leaders but they were unable to break the deadlock between the two and reach to a mutual agreement regarding the repaying of the debt by Iran. According to reports, Iraq tried to repay its debts by raising the prices of oil throughOPECs oil production cuts. However, Kuwait, a member of the OPEC, prevented a global increase in petroleum prices by increasing its own petroleum production, thus lowering the price and preventing recovery of the war-crippled Iraqi economy.This was seen by many in Iraq as an act of aggression, further distancing the countries. The collapse in oil prices had a catastrophic impact on the Iraqi economy. According to former Iraqi Foreign MinisterTariq Aziz, every US$1 drop in the price of a barrel of oil caused a US$1 billion drop in Iraqs annual revenues triggering an acute financial crisis in Baghdad.It has been estimated that Ira q lost around US$14 billion a year due to Kuwaits oil price strategy. It created a further ridge in the relations between the Iraqi and Kuwaiti governments.Iraq accused Kuwait of steal Iraqi oil throughslant drilling, however some Iraqi sources indicatedSaddam Husseins decision to attack Kuwait was made only a a couple of(prenominal) months before the actual invasionsuggesting that the regime was under feelings of severe time pressure. Therich deposits of oil lined the ill-defined border of Iraq and Kuwait. Iraq constantly claimed that Kuwaiti oil rigs were illeg participator tapping into Iraqi oil fields. The problem was aggravated by the fact that the Middle Eastern deserts make border delineation difficult and this has caused many conflicts in the region.Kuwait and many other Arab nations had supported Iraq against the Islamic Revolutionary government of Iran during the Iran-Iraq war, fearing that Saddams defeat would inspire an Iranian revolution throughout the Arab world. Fol lowing the end of the war, relations between Iraq and Kuwait deteriorated with a lack of gratitude shown from the Baghdad government towards the Arab nations for their help in the war.Options that could have been adopted to stop the warThe conflict announcement approach attributes escalation primarily to the failure of communication between the U.S. and Iraqi governments. The U.S. should have made its own views clearer in the condition that Iraq declared war on Kuwait. recompense up to the point of war America kept its stand unclear as to what action it would take in an event of war. Saddam was motivated by this fact and decided to invade Kuwait.The balance of power among the adversaries is also an important factor. Kuwait would have been empowered by improving its relations with potential ally Jordan. It would have helped Kuwait to defend itself better against Iraq and probably would have acted as a deterrent for the Iraqi attack on Kuwait.The Arab countries could have acted as talk terms and helped the two countries to reach a mutual decision. The disinterest shown by the Arabs in the earlier stages of the conflict encouraged Saddam to go ahead with the planned invasion. pull down after the invasion of Kuwait there was a strong opinion in the intelligence community, as well as the Middle Eastern community, that the invasion of Kuwait by Saddam should be handled in an Arab context, not by Western powers.A proposal was quickly put forward by the Saudis that could have produced a peaceful unpackal of Saddams forces from Kuwait. The proposal was for Kuwait to allow Iraq to remove two Kuwaiti islands that were blocking the entrance to Iraqs seaport. The islands were barren islands that were owned by Kuwait they did nothing for Kuwait and they blocked the precious little access that Iraq had to the sea.The proposal was seen as a face saving measure for Saddam that would allow him to withdraw from Kuwait and still declare a victory. At the same time the action would have provided assistance to the Iraqi economy. But the American government rejected the proposal as it justifiably wanted Iraq to gain nothing from the conflict.The war and its consequencesOn August 2 Iraq went ahead with plan of invasion of Kuwait with four-spot of its elite Iraqi Republican Guard Divisions. Commandos were deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the Kuwait City. In support of these divisions a squadron of Mil Mi-25helicopter gunships, several units ofMi-8andMi-17transport helicopters, as well as a squadron ofBell 412helicopters were deployed.Kuwait was caught unaware by the invasion and did have its forces on alert. Kuwaiti forces tried to resist but they were vastly outnumbered. The Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-shahfled into the Saudi desert. After a decisive victory of his troops Saddam installed Alaa Hussein Ali as the Prime Minister of Kuwait.The Iraqi invasion and channel of Kuwait was unanimously condemned by all majorworld powers. Even countries traditionally considered to be close Iraqi allies, such asFranceandIndia, called for immediate backdown of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait. States had issued an ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw its forces from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 or face war. After series of failed negotiations between major world powers and Iraq, theUnited States-led coalitionlaunched a massivemilitary assaulton Iraqi forces stationed in Kuwait in mid January 1991. By January 16, the Allied planes were targeting several Iraqi military sites and the Iraqi Air Force was said to be decimated.Hostilities continued until late February and on February 25, Kuwait was officially liberated from Iraq.On March 15, 1991, the Emir of Kuwait returned to the rural area after spending more than 8 months in exile.During the Iraqi occupation, about 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed and more than 300,000 residents fled the country.

An Analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire in Flauberts, Madame B

An analysis of Homais as an instrument of satireIn Flauberts satiric novel, the storys apothecary is used to convey Flauberts views of the capitalistic. As a fomite for Flauberts satire, Homais is portrayed as opportunistic and self-serving, attributes that Flaubert associated with the middle class. Homais obsession with social mobility leads him to commit despicable acts. His character and values are excessively detestable. He is self-serving, hypocritical, opportunistic, egotistical, and crooked. All these negative characteristics are used by Flaubert to represent and satirize specific aspects of middle class society. More specific issues that are turn to include Homais superficial knowledge, religious hypocrisy, and pretentiousness. Furthermore, his status as a secondary character suggests his significance to the satire. If Emma is meant to portray the feminine aspect of the bourgeois then Homais is doubtlessly meant to represent the masculine aspect. Flaubert wanted to ridicu le and criticize the bourgeois class. By including Homais, Flaubert is able to satirize all the negative aspects of middle class society in spite of appearance a single novel. In adolescence and throughout much of his life, Gustave Flaubert regarded the bourgeois existence as an immense, indistinct, unmitigated state of mindlessness (Wall 29-31). He vented his contempt for the bourgeois in many of his works. In his Dictionary of Received Ideas he proclaimsEach bourgeois phrase, each bourgeois feeling, each bourgeois opinion is touched by the hilarious dismaying suspicion of fakery. Solemnly and energetically proclaiming their clichs to each other, perhaps the bourgeois are indeed simply machines. They are stuck, like interest automata, in their perpetual false consciousness (Wall 29-31).In Madam Bovary, Gustave Flaubert uses Homais as one of the central figures of his satire. Homais, Yonvilles apothecary and the Bovarys neighbor, is used as a vehicle to ridicule the values and pri nciples of the French middle class. True to this, Homais is depicted as an overly ambitious, self-important fool. For example, Flaubert creatively stages arguments between Homais and the village priest in assure to mock the bourgeoiss lack of spirituality. One encounter of note occurs on Emmas deathbed soon after she has passed away. The Priest declares that there is nothing left field but t... ...ften those who are selfish and opportunistic that are rewarded rather than the humble and honest. Homais is essentially a compilation of all the negative aspects of the bourgeois class that Flaubert detested so much he is a crafty hypocrite, a medical charlatan, a self-important know-it-all, and a quack. He serves to expose the ideological decay of an one- clock time(prenominal) revolutionary class (Wall 28). Certainly, Flauberts attack on 19th-century French middle class society is both complete and thorough, but at the same time subtle and smooth. Primary SourcesFlaubert, Gustave. In timate Notebook 1840 1841. Trans. Francis Steegmuller. NewYork Doubleday & Company, 167.Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Geoffrey Wall. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin, 1992.Secondary SourcesThody, Philip. Reference Guide to World Literature. 2nd ed. New York St. James Press,1995.Wall, Geoffrey. Introduction. Madame Bovary. By Flaubert, Gustave. London Penguin,1992.BibliographyBrombert, Victor. The Novels of Flaubert A study of themes and techniques. PrincetonPrinceton University Press, 1966.Kenner, Hugh. The Stoic Comedians. Boston Beacon Press, 1962

The Human Brain :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONThe human body is divided into many different separate called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the intellect, which is located in the head. The mind weighs about 2. 75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body. The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves and the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires crosswise the city. This is called the nervous system. The nerves in the body dont just send messages from the brain to the organs, further also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs back to your brain. well-nigh nerves are linked directly to the brain. Others have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesnt just con trol your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind. PROTECTING THE BRAINTwenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are interlocking plates. These plates form the cranium. The cranium provides maximum protection with stripped-down weight, the ideal combination. The other twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull. Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself in liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the brain. The brain then sends the blood through an composite network of blood vessels to where the blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a protective cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is what the brain literally floats in. A troika protective measure taken by the brain is called the blood brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries. These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter the brain. THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAINThe brain is divided into three main sections. The area at the front of the brain is the largest. near of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory.